lines. Leaving aside the issue whether the author is the historical or an imaginary James, the author may carry on a polemic directly against Paul (e.g., Hengel; Lindemann).39 Or he may oppose a distortion of Paul’s belief or a degenerate Paulinism which appeals to Paul to justify their libertinism or antinomianism (e.g., Bultmann; Kümmel; Lohse; Dibelius and Greeven; Schrage; Goppelt; Laws; Davids; Lüdemann; Ropkes; Martin; et al). Yet, as Verseput (1997:99–100) rightly notices, if James was written
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